Chemical Mechanisms and Protective Role of Natural Products Against Heavy Metals-Induced Neurotoxicity in Various Herbs/Plants

Abstract

The continuous release of heavy metals into the environment poses a pervasive threat to both abiotic and biotic factors. Various heavy metals, such as cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury, have been linked to adverse effects, particularly neurotoxicity and apoptotic cell death. While these metals are essential for normal cellular functions, their biomagnification within cells leads to harmful effects. Heavy metal-induced neurotoxicity involves the production of free radicals, disrupting the balance between oxidative and antioxidative systems, resulting in oxidative stress. This stress is associated with necrosis, DNA damage, and neurodegenerative disorders. This mini review consolidates current knowledge on the protective role of natural products from different herbs/plants against heavy metal-mediated neurotoxicity. Understanding these protective mechanisms contributes to strategies mitigating the detrimental effects of heavy metal contamination.